Writing Guides Print-Friendly Page

Citing Sources within Your Document

The CMS Author/Date in-text citation system follows a parenthetical format rather than the superscripted numbers found in the CMS Notes system. Much like the APA, it emphasizes authors and dates of publication, both of which are important benchmarks denoting relevancy and validity in the social and the natural sciences.

In some cases, chapters, paragraphs and page numbers are required. Regardless of contents, the parenthetic citation should immediately follow the cited material within a sentence and before the period if it is at the end of the sentence. In the case of quoted material, the citation is placed between the final quotation mark and the period at the end of the sentence.

CMS In-Text Formatting Rules

CMS Author/Date in-text formatting rules are as follows:

• A space, not a comma, should separate the author's name and the year of publication.

• Page numbers are included only when part of a source or a direct quotation is cited. Abbreviations ("p." or "pp.") are not required.

• Footnotes and endnotes are used only when there is a need to provide further information about a particular idea or when specific copyright permission needs to be documented.

Specific rules depend on whether part or all of a source is being cited as well as whether or not the author's name is mentioned in the sentence where the citation occurs.

For more on the specific rules, please see the following examples:

Examples of In-Text Formatting Rules

Citing an Entire Source

When citing an entire work, document the last name of the author and the year of publication. No page numbers are necessary. The citation format will vary according to whether the author's name is mentioned in the sentence being cited.

1. Citing an Entire Source: Author Name Not Included in Preceding Sentence

Format: Cite both the last name of the author and the publication date. The citation is placed in parentheses directly following the information being cited. When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (period). There is a space, not a comma, between the author's name and the date.

Example:

In a recent study of sustainable management techniques (Myers 1997)...

2. Citing an Entire Source: Author Name Included in Preceding Sentence

Format: When the author's name is mentioned in the sentence, you may omit this name from the parentheses to avoid redundancy, using only the date. The date (in parentheses) should follow the author's name. In cases where the source itself is being cited rather than the author, the parentheses around the date may be omitted.

Example One:

Myers (1997) compared sustainable management techniques...

Example Two:

In Myers 1997, sustainable management techniques are compared to more conventional practices.

Citing Part of a Source

When citing a specific part of a source, document the last name of the author, the year of publication and the page numbers (or chapter, section, line numbers, etc.) where the cited material may be found.

3. Citing Part of a Source

Format: When the citation falls at the end of the sentence, the parenthetical note precedes the end punctuation (period). One space separates the author's name from the date, and one comma separates the date from the page number (or chapter, etc.). Page abbreviations like "p." or "pp." are used only when their absence is likely to cause confusion. Abbreviations such as sec. (section), fig. (figure), app. (appendix), etc., should be used, however.

Example:

Because of the underdevelopment of the racial theme, Bright Skin was said to have "failed to feed the growing appetite for anti-establishment tracts while at the same time offering no new insights into the nature of Blue Brook Plantation" (Landess 1976, 121).

Examples of Variations to In-Text Formatting Rules

1. Citing Sources with No Date

Format: When you cite a source that has no date given, include in parentheses the name of the author and the abbreviation "n.d." ("no date").

Example:

This has occurred in previous experiments (Phelps & Gomez, n.d.).

2. Citing Sources with Unnamed, Uncertain or Anonymous Authors

Format: When a source has no author, cite in parentheses the first few words of the title and the year of publication, separated by one space. These first few words correspond with the reference list entry beginning with the same title. Avoid using "Anonymous". When the author's name is known but does not appear on the title page place it in [brackets] within the parenthesis. When the author's name is uncertain, indicate so with a question mark inside the [brackets?].

Example One:

The majority of researchers on the disorder agree on this point (Examining bipolar disorder 1994).

Example Two:

The majority of researchers on the disorder agree on this point ([Schmoe?] 1994).

3. Citing Electronic (Web site or Internet) Sources

Format: An electronic source is cited like any other source when the entire source is cited: Author's Last Name and Date of Publication are mentioned. However, in cases where specific parts of the electronic source are cited, documentation of the particular paragraph number or section heading where the cited material may be found is recommended.

Example:

It has been argued that chemical castration has been used "indiscriminately" (Turk 1997, paragraph 2).

4. Citing Authors with Same Last Name in References List

Format: Include first name initials of all in-text cited authors when other authors in your References List have the same last name.

Example:

K.K. Sullivan (1962) and D. Sullivan (1996) came to similar conclusions about the effects of this treatment method.

5. Citing Sources Not Included in the References List

Format: Unpublished manuscripts, letters and newspaper articles, etc. may be cited within the in-text parenthetical citation or in the actual text itself.

Example One:

Paul Nesbitt (telephone interview, 19 August 1998) expressed his dissatisfaction with the proposed plan.

Example Two:

In a letter dated 12 August 1998, Nesbitt indicated to his daughter that a new plan was being presented to the County Commissioners.

6. Citing Sources with More than One Author

Format, Sources with Two or Three Authors: Mention all names in the parenthesis. Do not use an ampersand (&) for "and" between names.

Example:

One study (Zoerner and Stephens 1994) is particularly notable.

One study (Zoerner, Smith, and Stephens 1994) is particularly notable.

Format, Sources with More than Three Authors: Name only the first author followed by the words "et al." (Latin for "and others"). When two references with multiple authors shorten to the same "et al.", include as many names, separated by commas, as necessary to distinguish between the two references.

Example One:

One study (Myracle et al. 1998) determined that...

Example Two:

Edmands, Wardrop, Thomas, et al. (1992) found...

Edmands, Wardrop, Reid, et al. (1992) argue that...

Note: An alternative would be to include a shortened title following the "Author et al.", in every instance of the same "Author et al." occurring.

Example:

(Nesbitt et al., Neighborhood associations, 1998)

(Nesbitt et al., Zoning laws, 1998)

7. Citing Sources Authored by a Group

Format: The names of group authors may be mentioned in full in every citation, or they may be shortened in all citations subsequent to the first, however they must unequivocally point to the correct References List entry.

Example:

Where the References List entry looks like:

Bas Bleu Theatre Company. 1998. 1998 NEA Grant Application for…

The first in-text citation will look like:

The grant proposal (Bas Bleu Theatre Company [BBTC] 1998) was an important effort to support the arts in the community.

And a subsequent in-text citation will look like:

The proposal requested new and increased salaries for theatre staff (BBTC 1998).

8. Citing Two or More Sources in the Same Parenthesis

Format, Two or More Sources by Same Author: When you are citing two or more works by the same author in one parenthetical note, list the name of the author only once, followed by the publication dates of the various works in order of year of publication.

Example:

Psychologists have arrived at this conclusion in the past (Tripp, 1987, 1994, 1995).

Format, Two or More Sources Published by Same Author in Same Year: When, in one parenthetical note, you are citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, be sure to distinguish between the two by assigning them letter suffixes ("a," "b," etc.). These designations will be consistent with those you have given the works in the reference list.

Example:

Past research (Johnson 1983a, 1983b) has revealed interesting patterns.

Format, Two or More Sources by Different Authors: When you refer to works by different authors within the same parenthetical note, separate them by using semicolons.

Example:

Several studies (Evens 1992; Dorer 1994; Bundy 1996) have contributed to our current understanding of this phenomenon.

Citing Sources at the End of Your Document

The end documentation in the CMS Author/Date system is the References List page. It is located at the end of a document or book and contains all the bibliographic information needed to find out more about cited source material.

This list is a selective bibliography and does not include a full accounting of sources related to or consulted before you began writing your document, but only those actually cited.

Proper CMS documentation depends on the References List. Without it the in-text numbers would make little sense as they would no longer be pointing at any corresponding entries in the end documentation.

CMS Reference List Formatting Rules

CMS References List formatting rules call for the end documentation to begin on a new page at the end of your document and be numbered accordingly. If your document is 6½ pages long, the Notes page should begin on page 8.

Note: Unless informed otherwise, you can count on your instructor not counting the References List page in the total page count of an eight page assignment.

The page itself should be formatted in the following way:

• The title-References List-should be centered one inch from the top of the page. This may also be called a Literature Cited or Works Cited page.

• Double space between the title and first entry; all subsequent entries should be single spaced.

• Arrange entries alphabetically, according to author, last names first.

Individual entries should be formatted in the following way:

• The first line of each entry should be flush-left while any subsequent lines are indented five spaces.

• The date of publication follows directly after the author's name. First names are often, though not always, abbreviated.

• Use the "down" or "sentence style" for titles and subtitles, capitalizing only the first letter of the first word, as well as any proper nouns and adjectives that are included.

CMS Directory of Reference List Formatting Rules

Book and Book Parts

1. Book with Unknown Authors

References List Format:
Book Title-in italics. Year of Publication. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Washington Post guide to Washington. 1989. New York: McGraw-Hill.

2. Book with Group or Corporate Author

References List Format:
Group or Corporate Author. Year of Publication. Book Title-in italics. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Time-Life Books. 1987. The age of god kings: Time frame-3000-1500 B.C. Alexandria, VA: Little, Time-Life Education.

3. Book with One Author

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Book Title-in italics. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Takaki, R. 1993. A different mirror: A history of multicultural America. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

4. Book with Two Authors

Note: Names must always appear in the same order as found on the Title page of the work being cited.

References List Format:
First Author-Last Name first. Next Author-First Name or initials first. Year of Publication. Book Title-in italics. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Schor, Ira, and Paulo Freire. 1987. A pedagogy for liberation: Dialogues on transforming education. New York: Bergin and Garvey.

5. Book with Three Authors

Note: Names must always appear in the same order, separated by commas, as found on the Title page of the work being cited.

References List Format:
First Author-Last Name first. Next Author(s)-First Names or initials first. Year of Publication. Book Title-in italics. Number ed.-when applicable. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Alred, Gerald J., Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu. 2003. The Business Writer's Handbook. 7th ed. Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's.

6. Book with Four or More Authors

Note: Names must always appear in the same order as found on the Title page of the work being cited. Use the last name first rule for the first author and the first name first rule for all other authors. Separate names with commas.

References List Format:
First Author-Last Name first. Next Author(s)- Initials or First Names first. Year of Publication. Book Title-in italics. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Roark, J. L., M. Johnson, P. Cohen, S. Stage, A. Lawson, and S. Hartmann. 1998. The American promise. Boston: Bedford.

7. Book with Author & Editor(s) or Translator(s)

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Book Title-in italics. Edited or Translated by-First Name(s) first. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Heidegger, M. 1971. On the way to language. Translated by Peter D. Hertz. San Francisco: Harper Collins, HarperSanFrancisco.

8. Edited Book/Anthology/Collection

References List Format:
First Editor or Translator-First Name first. Next Editor(s) or Translator(s)-Initials or First Names first, ed. or trans. Year of Publication. Book Title-in italics. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher,

Example:

Buffington, N., M. Diogenes, and C. Moneyhun, eds. 1997. Living languages: Contexts for reading and writing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Blair Press.

9. Chapter or Selection in Book/Anthology/Collection

References List Format:
Chapter Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Chapter Title-No quotation marks-No italics. In Book or Anthology Title-in italics, edited by Editor(s) First Names or Initials first. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

McPhee, John. 2003. The Search for Marvin Gardens. In The next American essay, edited by J. D'Agata. St. Paul, MN: Graywolf Press

10. Chapter in an Unedited Book

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Chapter Title-No quotation marks-No italics. Chap. Number-if applicable. In Book Title-in italics. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Williams, Susan Millar. 1997. Cross Purposes. Chap. 6 in A devil and a good woman, too: The lives of Julia Peterkin. Athens and London: Univ. of Georgia Press,

11. Book Editions (Second, Third, etc.)

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Book Title-in italics, Numbered ed. or rev. ed. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Reid, Stephen. 1998. The Prentice Hall guide for college writers. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

12. Reprinted (Republished) Books

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. [Original Publication Year] Year of New Publication. Book Title-in italics. Reprint, Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Parsons, Elsie Clews. [1923] 1969. Folk-Lore of the Sea Islands, South Carolina. Reprint, Chicago: Afro-Am Press.

13. Sacred Books

Note: Citations of sacred books such as the Christian Bible, Islam's Holy Qur'an and the Hebrew Torah generally occur only in the in-text citation and are not included in the References List. Please refer to the CMS Notes Examples of In-Text Formatting Rules for more information.

14. Untitled Book in a Multivolume Work

References List Format:
First Author-Last Name first. Other Authors-First Name first. Year of Publication. Vol. Number. Multivolume Work Title. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Faragher, John M., Mari Jo Buhle, Daniel Czitrom, and Susan H. Armitage. 1994. Out of many: A history of the American people. Vol. 1. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice,

Note: In cases where all volumes are used, substitute the total number of volumes in place of Vol. 1. after the title.

Faragher, John M., Mari Jo Buhle, Daniel Czitrom, and Susan H. Armitage. 1994. Out of many: A history of the American people. 2 vols. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice,

15. Titled Book in a Multivolume Work

References List Format:
First Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Volume Book Title-in italics. Vol. Number of Multivolume Work Title-in Italics. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Louis A. Garavaglia and Charles G. Worman. 1998. Firearms of the American west, 1803 - 1865. Vol. 1 of Firearms of the American west. Niwot, CO: Univ. Press of Colorado.

16. Book in a Series

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Book Title-in italics. Name of Book Series. Editor-if applicable, vol. Number-if applicable. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Levine, Michael. 1996. African Americans and civil rights: from 1619 to the present. Social Issues in American History Series. Phoenix, AZ: Orynx Press.

17. Book Without Publication Information

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first, Book Title-in italics. N.p., n.d

Example:

Biv, Roy G. On learning the color spectrum. N.p., n.d.

18. Book Introduction, Preface, Forward or Afterword

References List Format:
Introduction Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Introduction to Book Title-in italics, by Book Author-First Name first. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Example:

Lodge, David. 1971. Introduction to Emma, by Jane Austen. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Journals, Magazines and Newspapers

1. Journal Article with Consecutive Pagination

Note: Consecutive Pagination means that each new issue of a Journal begins with the page number that follows the last page number in the previous issue. In other words, the page numbers run consecutively from issue to issue.

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Article Title. Journal Title-in italics Volume Number Issue Number-if available: Article Page Number(s).

Brown, Sterling. 1934. Arcadia, South Carolina. Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life 12:59-60.

2. Journal Article with Non-Consecutive Pagination

Note: Non-Consecutive Pagination means that each new issue of a Journal begins with page 1 and not with the number that follows the last page number in the previous issue, as is the case with consecutive pagination.

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Article Title. Journal Title-in italics. Volume Number, Issue Number: Article Page Number(s).

Clifford, James. 1983. On Ethnographic Authority. Representations 1, no. 2:118-46.

3. Weekly Magazine Article

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication, Article Title. Magazine Title-in italics, Day Month of Publication, Article Page Numbers.

Axthelm, Pete. 1989. Up front: America's first poet laureate, Robert Penn Warren, was a wise and eloquent son of the south. People Weekly, 2 October, 45-48.

4. Monthly (Seasonal) Magazine Article

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Article Title. Magazine Title-in italics, Month, Page Numbers.

Lemley, Brad. 1995. The underground architect. New Age January/February, 10-15.

5. Magazine Article with Volume and Issue Numbers

Note: When no author by-line exists, begin with the Article Title and proceed as shown above. This case also illustrates a magazine with a volume number but not an issue number.

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Article Title. Magazine Title-in italics, Volume Number and or Issue: Page Number(s) when citing specific portions or quoted passages.

A passing race. 1929. Canadian Magazine, 71:34.

6. Newspaper Article

Note: In most cases, newspaper articles are cited in running text and are not included in the References List; however, when you do, follow the example below. When no author by-line exists, begin with the Article Title rather than the author's name.

References List Format:
By-line Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Article Title. Newspaper Title- in italics, Day Month, Edition when applicable.-no page numbers.

Eckert, Fred J. 1997. An Island of Black Culture. Minneapolis Star Tribune, 2 February.

Note: When not part of the newspaper title, include name of American city, in italics, along with the rest of the title, as shown here:

Denver Rocky Mountain News

Note: When city name is not well known, or there is more than one city in America with the same name, include the state abbreviation, in parenthesis and not italicized, as shown here:

Ashtabula, (OH) Star-Beacon

Note: Follow the title of foreign newspapers with its hometown name, in parenthesis and not italicized, as shown here:

Sunday Times (London)

7. Book Review (Magazine or Newspaper)

References List Format:
Review Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Review of Book Title-in italics, by Book Author-First Name first. Publication Title-in italics, Day Month, Page Number(s).

Chamberlain, John. 1932. Review of Bright skin, by Julia Peterkin. New York Times, 10 April, 7.

8. Stage/Theatre Review (Magazine or Newspaper)

References List Format:
Review Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Review Title. Review of Stage Piece Title-in italics, by Playwright-First Name first. Theatre Company Name, Location. Publication Title-in italics, Day Month: Page Number(s) and Section Designation.

Monji, Jana J. 1998. Brief pokes fun at barristers' profession. Review of Dock brief, by John Mortimer. Fremont Centre Theatre, South Pasadena, CA. Los Angeles Times, 31 January, Home Edition, Calendar, 10.

9. Movie Review (Magazine or Newspaper)

References List Format:
Review Author-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Review Title. Review of Movie Title-in italics (Production Company Name)-in parenthesis, Publication Title-in italics, Day Month: Page Number(s) and Section Designation.

Garner, Jack. 1998. Private life is an open book in Enemy of the State. Review of Enemy of the State (Touchstone Pictures movie). Fort Collins Coloradoan, 20 November, Ticket Section 7.

10. Music/Concert Review (Magazine or Newspaper)

References List Format:
Review Author-First Name first. Year of Publication. Review Title. Review of concert performance of Concert Title-in italics, by Name of composer-First Name first, Perfomance Location, Performance Company. Publication Title-in italics, Day Month: Page Number(s) and Section Designation.

Swed, Mark. 1998. Bartok Quartet honors its namesake. Review of concert performance of The 6 String Quartets, by Bela Bartok, Schoenberg Hall (UCLA), Bartok Quartet. Los Angeles Times, Home Edition, 27 February, 20.

Dissertations and Theses

1. Published Dissertation or Thesis

Note: Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution.

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Year Granted/Published. Dissertation Title. Ph.D. diss., Degree Granting Institution. Institution Location: Dissertations Abstracts International information-if appropriate.

Lavely, Marcia Marvin. 1991. A Study of American Literature which Incorporates the Use of the Gullah Dialect (Sea Islands). Ph.D. diss., University of Mississippi.

2. Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis

Note: Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution.

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Year Granted. Thesis Title. Master's thesis, Degree Granting Institution.

Hughey, Annie Catherine. 1933. The Treatment of the Negro in South Carolina Fiction. Master's thesis, University of South Carolina.

3. Abstract of Dissertation or Thesis

Note: Format like a Journal Article. Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution.

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Date of Publication. Dissertation Title. Ph.D. diss., Degree Granting Institution, Year Granted. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International Volume Number: Page Number(s).

Lavely, Marcia Marvin. 1992. A Study of American Literature which Incorporates the Use of the Gullah Dialect (Sea Islands). Ph.D. diss., University of Mississippi, 1991. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 53:1501A.

Unpublished Manuscripts and Papers

1. Unpublished Document in a Manuscript Collection

References List Format:
Document Author-Last Name first. Document Date-when available. Description of Document including Collection Name. Depository Name, Depository Location.

Peterkin, Julia. 1930. Letter to George Shively dated 18 October. Bobbs-Merrill Papers. Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington.

2. Unpublished Papers Read at Meetings

Note: Papers appearing in the Published Proceedings of Meetings may be formatted in the same manner as a book.

References List Format:
Author-Last Name first. Year Paper Read. Paper Title. Paper presented at Meeting Name, Location, Day and Month.

Montgomery, M. Lorenzo. 1985. Dow Turner's early work on Gullah. Paper read at 9th Annual Symposium on Language and Culture, Columbia, SC, 27 April.

Interviews, Letters and Personal Communications

1. Published Interviews

Note: Consult The Chicago Manual of Style to format interviews appearing in other print and non-print mediums.

References List Format:
Interview Subject-Last Name first. Year. Interview Title. Interviewed by-First Name first, Publication Title-in italics, Month and: Page Number(s).

Bullard, Dr. Robert. 1998. Dr. Robert Bullard: Some People Don't Have the Complexion for..., interviewed by Jim Motavelli, E Magazine, 10-13 July/August.

2. Unpublished Interviews

References List Format:
Interview Subject-Last Name first. Year. Interview by-First Name first. Type of interview. Interview Location, Day Month.

Neuhoff, Christine S. 1998. Interview by author, tape recording. Fort Collins, CO, 29 Sept.

3. Unpublished Letters, Phone & Personal Communications

References List Format:
Unpublished letters (and any other such forms of personal communications) are generally unavailable for public consumption and are normally cited in the running text of your document, however, when they may be included in the References List like so:

Nesbitt, Sandra. 1995. Letter to the author, 25 March.

Or

Nesbitt, Sandra. 1995. Telephone conversation with the author, 25 March.

Electronic Sources

1. Portable Sources (CD-ROM's, Diskettes, Magnetic Tapes, etc.)

Note: Unlike online sources which exist on a computer service or network and are subject to continual revision, portable electronic sources are published and released at fixed points in time. Generally, these types of citations are done in running text within the document; however, they can be included in the References List. The following example is for a non-periodical portable source. The format for a periodical source is slightly different.

References List Format:
Author or Editor-Last Name first. Year of Publication. Title-in italics if book title. Volume, edition, etc.-if appropriate. [Medium]. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.

Sheehy, Donald, ed. 1997. Robert Frost: Poems, life, legacy. [CD-ROM]. New York: Holt.

2. Computer Programs and Software

References List Format:
Program/Software Name: Identifying Version, level or release number and date-if available. Abbreviated Program/Software Name.-if applicable. Organization or Individual holding Property Rights, Location.

Electronic Supplements for Real Writing: 1. Interactive Writing Software Ver. 1. Bedford, Boston.

Internet Sources

1. Online Computer Services

References List Format:
Author or Editor-Last Name first. Title-in italics if book title. Print Publication Information. Online Publication Information including Computer Service Name and Accession Number. Note the Italics.

Note: The following source was obtained through the computer service "Dialog."

Wever, Katharine. 1998. In a painting, Gershwin packed the house. New York Times 30 August, late ed.: sec. 2, p. 30. Dialog, New York Times Fulltext 03819774.

2. Online Documents

References List Format:
Author or Editor-Last Name first. Year. Title-in italics if book title. [Source Type]. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher. Accessed Day Month Year. Available from Source Name: URL link. Medium.

Bierce, Ambrose. 1993. Can such things be true? [book online]. New York: Johnathan Cape and Harrison Smith. Accessed 28 September 1998. Available from gopher://wiretap.spies.com:70/00/Library/Classic/cansuch.txt. Internet.

3. Online Databases

References List Format:
Author or Editor-Last Name first. Title-in italics if book title. In Database Name [database online]. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Publication Date [update and access dates-Day Month Year]. Accession Number-or other necessary access information Number of Screens. Available from Source Name, Location.

Note: The following source was obtained through the computer service "Dialog."

Abbott announces first treatment for AIDS-related infection. 1993. In Businesswire [database online]. Abbott Park, Ill.: Business Wire, 1986- [updated 28 December 1993; cited 20 November 1998]. Accession no. 0376540, NO=BW6540. 1 screen. Available from DIALOG Information Services, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.

Audio and Video Recordings

1. Musical Recordings

Note: The elements in the following format (particularly composer and director) may be rearranged to suit your particular purposes. See Chicago Manual of Style for more examples.

References List Format:
Composer-Last Name first. Composition Title-in italics. (Editing Information when available)-in parenthesis. Orchestra Name. Conductor Name. Recording Company-when available. Medium Recording Number.

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Requiem Mass, K626. (Edited by Franz Beyer) Academy and Chorus of St. Martin-in-the-Fields. Neville Mariner. London compact disk 417 746-2.

2. Dramatic Performance Recordings

References List Format:
Playwright-Last Name first. Recording Title-in italics. Directed by name, performed by performance artist names-First Names first. Recording Company Recording Number, Medium

Shakespeare, William. Othello. Directed by Howerd Sackler. Performed by Frank Silvera, Celia Johnson, Cyril Cusack, Anna Massey, and others. Caedmon CDG 225. Audiotape.

3. Poetry and Prose Recordings

References List Format:
Poet or Prose Writer-Last Name first. Recording Title-in italics. Read by author or reader name-First Name first. Recording Company Recording Number. Medium.

Eliot, T.S. Poems and Choruses. Read by author. Caedmon TC1045. Record album.

4. Lecture Recordings

References List Format:
Lecture Recorder-Last Name first. Year. Recording Title-in italics. Description of Lecture presented by lecturer name-First Name first at Institution Name, Location, Month and Year of Lecture. Publication Information-if applicable.

Nesbitt, L.M. 1995. Censorship. Audiotape of a lecture presented by Louann Reid at Colorado State University. Fort Collins, CO, October 1995.

5. Slides

Note: The variety of visual and audiovisual materials now used by writers makes general formatting rules impossible. In theses cases a description of the material, the name of the individual responsible for the material, and the information necessary to retrieve it should be included.

References List Format:
Slide Show Producer-Last Name first. Year. Slide Show Title-in italics. Place of Production: Production Company Name. Slides.

Nesbitt, John. 1991. Europe by train. Knoxville, TN: Fabricated Production Company. Slides.

6. Films

Note: The variety of visual and audiovisual materials now used by writers makes general formatting rules impossible. In theses cases a description of the material, the name of the individual responsible for the material, and the information necessary to retrieve it should be included.

References List Format:
Film Title-in italics. Year. Media format, film length. Place of Production: Production Company Name.

The feast. 1970. 16 mm, 29 min. Springfield, VA: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

7. Videocassettes

Note: The variety of visual and audiovisual materials now used by writers makes general formatting rules impossible. In theses cases a description of the material, the name of the individual responsible for the material, and the information necessary to retrieve it should be included.

References List Format:
Videocassette Title-in italics. Year. Directed by-First Name first. Videocassette length. Production Company Name. Videocassette.

Sam Shepherd: Fool for love. 1985. Directed by Robert Altman. 108 min. MGM. Videocassette.

Legal Materials

1. State and Federal Court Cases/Decisions

Note: State and federal court cases and decisions are normally cited in the running text of a document as in the example below. The Chicago Manual of Style provides no guidance for a References List entry.

Format:

In the 1923 case, Meyer v. State of Nebraska (262 U.S. 390), the Court handed down a decision that...

2. State and Federal Constitutions

Note: State and federal constitutions are normally cited in the running text of a document as in the example below

Format:
State or Country Name. Article or Amendment Number. Subdivision Number

In the Wisconsin Constitution, art. 9, sec. 1...

Publications of Congress

1. Congressional Record/General Citation

References List Format:
Congressional Record-in italics. Year. Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Session-abbreviated. Vol. Number-numeral only, pt. number:-abbreviated pt.: Page Number(s)-if appropriate.

Congressional Record. 1995. 104th Cong., 1st sess. Vol. 141, pt. 26.

2. Congressional Record/Speaker Citation

References List Format:
Speaker Name-Last Name first. Year. Description of Remarks. Resolution Number-if appropriate. Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Session-abbreviated, Congressional Record-abbreviated in italics, Day Month, vol. number, pt. number: Page Number(s)-if appropriate.

Kennedy, Edward. 1995. Senator Kennedy of Massachusetts reintroducing the Equal Remedies Act. 104th Cong., 1st sess. Cong. Rec., 30 Jan., vol. 141, pt. 10.

3. Congressional Records and Documents

References List Format:
Congressional Body or Committee Name. Year. Report or Document Title-in italics. Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Session-abbreviated,. Document Number. Serial Number-if available.

U.S. Congress. 1982. South Dakota Water Resource Development. 97th Cong., 2d sess. S. Doc. 514. Serial 13452.

4. Congressional Journals

References List Format:
Congressional Body Name. Journal Name-in italics. Year. Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Session-abbreviated, Day Month Year.

U.S. Congress. Senate Journal. 1996. 104th Cong., 2d sess., 20 February.

Or

U.S. Senate Journal. 1996. 104th Cong., 2d sess., 20 February.

5. Congressional Hearings

References List Format:
Congressional Body Name. Year. Committee Name. Hearing Title-in italics. Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Session-abbreviated, Day Month.

U.S. Senate. 1990. Committee on Foreign Relations. U.S. Policy in the Persian Gulf: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations. 101st Cong., 2d sess. 4-5 December.

6. Congressional Committee Prints

References List Format:
Congressional Body Name. Year. Committee Name. Report Title-in italics. Report prepared by name of agency department person(s), Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Session-abbreviated, Committee Print Number.

U.S. Senate. 1973. Committee on Public Works. Effects and methods of control of thermal discharges. Report prepared by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. 93rd Cong., 1st sess. Committee Print 14.

7. Congressional Bills and Resolutions

Note: Congressional bills and resolutions are normally cited in the running text of a document, however, when included in the References List, follow the example below.

References List Format:
Congressional Body Name. Year. Bill or Resolution Title-in italics. Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Session-abbreviated, Bill or Resolution Number. Congressional Record-in italics, record information-if applicable.

U.S. House. 1995. Interstate Child Support Enforcement Act. 104th Cong., 1st sess., H.R. 195. Congressional Record, 241, no. 4, daily ed. (9 January): H168.

8. Laws and Statutes Published as Slip Laws

References List Format:
Name of Law-when available and in italics. U.S. Public Law Numbers. Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Session-abbreviated, Day Month Year.

U.S. Public Law 105-258. 105th Cong., 2d sess., 14 October 1998.

9. Laws and Statures Collected in Statutes at Large

References List Format:
U.S. Statutes at Large-in italics. Year. Vol. Number: Page Number(s). Name of Law-when available and in italics.

U.S. Statutes at Large. 1888. Vol. 25, p. 476.

10. Laws and Statutes Incorporated Into the U.S. Code

References List Format:
Law, Statute or Act Title-in italics. U.S. Code-in italics. Vol. Number, sec. Number.

Farm Credit Act. 1959. U.S. Code Annotated. Vol. 42, sec. 410.

Presidential Documents

1. Proclamations and Executive Orders

References List Format:
President. Year. Proclamation or Executive Order. Proclamation or Executive Order Title. Federal Register-in italics Number, Issue Number (Day Month):-in parenthesis: Page Number(s). Medium-if applicable.

President. 1954. Proclamation. Display of the flag of the United States of America at half-staff upon the death of certain officials and former officials. Federal Register 19, no. 3 (1 March): 1235. Microfiche.

2. Messages and Papers of the Presidents

References List Format:
Document Title-in italics. Number of Congress-abbreviated, Number of Session-abbreviated. In Compilation of the messages and papers of the presidents, 1789-1897-in italics. Edited by Name of Editor-First Name First. Vol. Number. Washington, D.C.: GPO, Year of Publication.

3. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States

References List Format:
President-Last Name first. Year. Public papers of the presidents of the United States: President-First Name first, Term in Office. Vol. Number. Washington, D.C.: GPO, Year of Publication-no parenthesis.

Carter, Jimmy. 1981. Public papers of the presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1980-81. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: GPO.

Government Documents and Publications

1. Executive Department Publications

References List Format:
Issuing Departmental Body. Year. Document Title-in italics. Washington, D.C.: GPO,

U.S. Department of Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit and Rural Development of the Committee on Agriculture, U.S. House of Representatives. 1991. Attorney-client privilege and the right of congressional access to documents for oversight purposes in the case of the suspension of the telephone loan programs by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: GPO.

2. Government Commission Publications

References List Format:
Commission Name. Year. Publication Title-in italics. Washington, D.C.: GPO.

U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. 1977/78. Annual report of the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Washington, D.C.: GPO.

3. Treaties

References List Format:
Department or Issuing Body. Year of Treaty. Treaty Title. Day Month of Treaty. TIAS Number. Publication Name-in italics. Vol. Number, Part Number-if text instead of microform.

U.S. Department of State. 1989. Tourism. 3 October. TIAS no. 12403. United States treaties and other international agreements.

4. Administrative and Legislative Reports

References List Format:
Name of Issuing Body. Year. Report Title-in italics. Place.

Colorado General Assembly, Colorado Commission on Higher Education. 1996. 1996 Legislative report on higher education admission standards. Denver.

5. State Laws and Municipal Ordinances

Note: State laws or municipal ordinances are normally cited in the running text, although compilations of state laws (codes) or municipal ordinances may be cited in the References List.

References List Format:
State or Municipal Name, Year. State Laws or Municipal Compilation Title-in italics. (Editor Name)-in parenthesis.

Colorado. 1974. Revised Statutes, Annotated (Michie Co.).

Examples of How to Arrange Reference List Entries

1. Unknown, Uncertain or Anonymous Authors

Note: Organize alphabetically and avoid using "Anonymous". When a work is of unknown origin, use the first word of its title, excluding definite or indefinite articles which may be transposed to the end of the title.

When the author's name is known but does not appear on the title page place it before the title as you would normally, but in [brackets]. When the author's name is uncertain, indicate so with a question mark inside the [brackets?].

Example

Parsons, Elsie Clews. [1923] 1969. Folk-lore of the Sea Islands, South Carolina. Reprint, Chicago: Afro-Am Press.

Passing Race, A. 1929. Canadian Magazine.

Peterkin, Julia. 1927. Black April. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co.

[Joe Schmoe?]. Passing Race, A, 1929. Canadian Magazine.

2. Author of One Work is First Co-Author of Another

Note: Single author works always precede co-authored works.

Shor, Ira. 1986. Culture wars: School and society in the conservative restoration, 1969-1982. Boston: Routledge and K. Paul.

Shor, Ira. and Paul Friere. 1987. A pedagogy of liberation: Dialogues on transforming education. New York: Bergin and Garvey.

3. Multiple Works by Same Author: Using "three em" (---) Dashes

The three-em dash serves the same purpose as "ditto" marks. When an author appears consecutively, associated with different titles, a three-em dash (---) may replace the name after the first entry.

Each work is then organized in chronological order, by publication date. In the event of two works being published in the same year, add a lowercase letter following the date and alphabetize the entries by title.

Nesbitt, P.B. 1998a. Zoning laws and neighborhood crises. Knoxville, TN: Wachese Press.

---. 1998b. The role of neighborhood associations in urban development battles. Knoxville, TN: Wachese Press.

Additional CMS Author/Date Resources

Printed Resources:

University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers. 14th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers. 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

Turabian, K. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 6th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

Electronic Resources:

The official Chicago Manual of Style website, updated regularly, is the comprehensive guide to all things CMS: the organization, its journals, products and services.

Columbia Guide to Online Style is the best alternative. Though not officially recognized by The Chicago Manual of Style, this site has long provided guidelines for those seeking to document specific electronic sources using the CMS style sheet.

The beauty of CGOS comes from the sophisticated Internet understanding brought to the table by its authors, Janice Walker and Todd Taylor. If you adopt CGOS, use the CMS style for all print and traditional sources, and apply CGOS guidelines for any online or electronic sources, including software and CD-ROM databases.