Select an example of how to apply the basic in-text formatting rules to source material included in your document from the following menu:
1. Citing Sources with No Date
Format: When you cite a source that has no date given, include in parentheses the name of the author and the abbreviation "n.d." ("no date").
Example:
This has occurred in previous experiments (Phelps & Gomez, n.d.).
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2. Citing Sources with Unnamed, Uncertain or Anonymous Authors
Format: When a source has no author, cite in parentheses the first few words of the title and the year of publication, separated by one space. These first few words correspond with the reference list entry beginning with the same title. Avoid using "Anonymous".
When the author's name is known but does not appear on the title page place it in [brackets] within the parenthesis. When the author's name is uncertain, indicate so with a question mark inside the [brackets?].
Example One:
The majority of researchers on the disorder agree on this point (Examining bipolar disorder 1994).
Example Two:
The majority of researchers on the disorder agree on this point ([Schmoe?] 1994).
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3. Citing Electronic (Web site or Internet) Sources
Format: An electronic source is cited like any other source when the entire source is cited: Author's Last Name and Date of Publication are mentioned. However, in cases where specific parts of the electronic source are cited, documentation of the particular paragraph number or section heading where the cited material may be found is recommended.
Example:
It has been argued that chemical castration has been used "indiscriminately" (Turk 1997, paragraph 2).
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4. Citing Authors with Same Last Name in References List
Format: Include first name initials of all in-text cited authors when other authors in your References List have the same last name.
Example:
K.K. Sullivan (1962) and D. Sullivan (1996) came to similar conclusions about the effects of this treatment method.
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5. Citing Sources Not Included in the References List
Format: Unpublished manuscripts, letters and newspaper articles, etc. may be cited within the in-text parenthetical citation or in the actual text itself.
Example One:
Paul Nesbitt (telephone interview, 19 August 1998) expressed his dissatisfaction with the proposed plan.
Example Two:
In a letter dated 12 August 1998, Nesbitt indicated to his daughter that a new plan was being presented to the County Commissioners.
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6. Citing Sources with More than One Author
Format, Sources with Two or Three Authors: Mention all names in the parenthesis. Do not use an ampersand (&) for "and" between names.
Example:
One study (Zoerner and Stephens 1994) is particularly notable.
One study (Zoerner, Smith, and Stephens 1994) is particularly notable.
Format, Sources with More than Three Authors: Name only the first author followed by the words "et al." (Latin for "and others"). When two references with multiple authors shorten to the same "et al.", include as many names, separated by commas, as necessary to distinguish between the two references.
Example One:
One study (Myracle et al. 1998) determined that...
Example Two:
Edmands, Wardrop, Thomas, et al. (1992) found...
Edmands, Wardrop, Reid, et al. (1992) argue that...
Note: An alternative would be to include a shortened title following the "Author et al.", in every instance of the same "Author et al." occurring.
Example:
(Nesbitt et al., Neighborhood associations, 1998)
(Nesbitt et al., Zoning laws, 1998)
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7. Citing Sources Authored by a Group
Format: The names of group authors may be mentioned in full in every citation, or they may be shortened in all citations subsequent to the first, however they must unequivocally point to the correct References List entry.
Example:
Where the References List entry looks like:
Bas Bleu Theatre Company. 1998. 1998 NEA Grant Application for…
The first in-text citation will look like:
The grant proposal (Bas Bleu Theatre Company [BBTC] 1998) was an important effort to support the arts in the community.
And a subsequent in-text citation will look like:
The proposal requested new and increased salaries for theatre staff (BBTC 1998).
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8. Citing Two or More Sources in the Same Parenthesis
Format, Two or More Sources by Same Author: When you are citing two or more works by the same author in one parenthetical note, list the name of the author only once, followed by the publication dates of the various works in order of year of publication.
Example:
Psychologists have arrived at this conclusion in the past (Tripp, 1987, 1994, 1995).
Format, Two or More Sources Published by Same Author in Same Year: When, in one parenthetical note, you are citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, be sure to distinguish between the two by assigning them letter suffixes ("a," "b," etc.). These designations will be consistent with those you have given the works in the reference list.
Example:
Past research (Johnson 1983a, 1983b) has revealed interesting patterns.
Format, Two or More Sources by Different Authors: When you refer to works by different authors within the same parenthetical note, separate them by using semicolons.
Example:
Several studies (Evens 1992; Dorer 1994; Bundy 1996) have contributed to our current understanding of this phenomenon.
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