Writing Guides Print-Friendly Page

Citing Sources within Your Paper (Using In-Text Numbering)

The CSE - Citation/Sequence in-text citation system is simple: It relies on numbers. Unlike the Name/Year system, no parenthetical information is required. All that's needed is a superscripted number: a raised numeral located at the end of a clause or sentence identifying the content as outside source material.

The superscripted number flags the reader's attention to a correspondingly numbered entry on a References list located at the end of a book or document.

CSE In-Text Numbering Rules

CSE In-Text Numbering rules are as follows:

• In-text superscripted numbers appear after the punctuation and quotation marks at the end of a cited clause or sentence. There is no space between the punctuation and the numeral.

• Source material located in the first part of a sentence separated by an em dash (two hyphens) is cited with the number placed before the dash begins.

• Beginning with 1, each number follows in sequential order from page to page.

• Superscripted numbers can be created in Microsoft® Word.

Superscripting Numbers with Microsoft® Word:

1. Select Font on the tool bar Format drop-down menu and open the Font tab.
2. Select the same font, size and style used in the rest of your document.
3. Select automatic (for black) or another color choice from the Font color menu.
4. Check the Superscript option in the Effects section.
5. Click OK, return to your document and insert your superscript number.
6. Once inserted, you must return to the Font dialogue box and uncheck the Superscript selection before entering any more text.

Citing Sources at the End of Your Paper

The end documentation in the CSE Citation/Sequence system is called References list. It is located at the end of a document or book and contains all the bibliographic information needed to find out more about each cited source within the text.

This page is a selective bibliography and does not include a full accounting of sources related to or consulted before you began writing your document, but only those actually cited. You may want to include sources that directly informed your thinking but aren't explicitly cited in the text on a separate page entitled Additional References. Further reading suggestions or a fuller bibliography should be placed on yet another page entitled Additional Reading or Bibliography.

Proper CSE documentation depends on the References page. Without it the in-text numbers would make little sense as they would no longer be pointing at any corresponding entries in the end documentation.

CSE References Formatting Rules

CSE References formatting rules call for the end documentation to begin on the last page of your document, not on a separate one. If your document is 6½ pages long, the References list should begin on page 7, directly below the concluding text of your document.

The References list formatting rules are as follows:

• References is the most common title, however Cited References or Literature Cited are acceptable titles as well.

• The title should be placed flush-left on the page and may appear Bold, Underlined, or capped in UPPERCASE letters.

• Double space between title and first entry; single-space all other entries.

• Set font-size one or two point (type) sizes smaller than the document text.

• Page numbers are included when specific passages rather than entire sources are being cited and in the case of quotations.

• Arrange entries numerically, following their initial in-text order of appearance. Each number should be followed by a period and one space.

Individual entries may be formatted in the following three ways:

• No indentation. All lines in each entry flush-left.

• Numbers flush-left. All lines in each entry indented one or two spaces.

• Indent the first line of each entry five spaces from the left margin (the normal tab-button default space). Subsequent lines are flush-left.

CSE Bibliography Formatting Rules

CSE Bibliography formatting rules differ significantly from the References rules:

• The title--Bibliography--replaces the word References at the top of a separate page.

• Numbers are omitted altogether and entries are arranged alphabetically, last name first, instead of numerically.

• Optional elements such as author affiliations, original language, notes, etc., may be included here. More information on their placement is available online in National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation, (pdf file).

Examples of CSE Citation/Sequence References Formatting

Books and Book Parts

Note: For consistency, book entries should be formatted with the initials of authors and editors first names when the References list includes journal article entries [for which the rule calls for using initials rather than the first names of authors and editors] as well.

1. Book with One or More Authors

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of First Author, [Followed by Last Name and Initial(s) of Other Authors, if Any]. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication. Number of Pages.

Example:

1. Bates, B., Bargaining for life: a social history of tuberculosis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 1992. 435 p.

2. Edited Books

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, [Followed by Last Names and Initials of Other Editors, if any], editors. Title of book. Information about Edition (if applicable). Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publications. Number of Pages.

Example:

2. Coovadia, H.M., Benatar, S.R., editors. A century of tuberculosis: South African perspectives. Cape Town: Oxford University Press; 1991. 319 p.

3. Books with Author, Editor, Translator and Note

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author. Title of book. Last Name and Initial(s) of Translator, translator; Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, editor. New York: Publisher; Year of Publication. Number of Pages. Note.

Example:

3. Ferrand, J. A treatise on lovesickness. Beecher A, Ciavolella M, translators and editors. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press; 1990. 709 p. Translation of the 1623 edition.

4. Microform Books

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by Last Names and Initials of Other Authors, if any]. Title of book [type of microtext]. Place of Publication: Microform Publisher; Year of Publication. Number of reels. Type of Film.

Example:

4. Fortney, S. Bedrest in healthy women [microfiche]. Springfield (VA): National Technical Information Service; 1986. 2 microfiches: negative.

5. Titled Book in Multivolume Work

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last name and initial(s) of other authors]. Title of volume. Volume Number, Title of multivolume work. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication.

Example:

5. Howard J, Strauss A. Humanizing health care. Volume 1, Health, medicine, and society. New York: Wiley; 1975.

6. Titled Book Chapter

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any). Title of book. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication. Part or chapter title; inclusive pages.

Example:

6. Lamartine de Assis, J. Miastenia grave. Sao Paulo: Sarvier; 1900. Historia da miastenia grave; p 19-20.

7. Titled Book Chapter not Written by Book Author

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author of Chapter or Part, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of chapter or part. In: Last Name and Initial(s) of Author or Editor of Book [followed by last names and initials of other authors or editors, if any]. Title of book. Edition information. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication. Inclusive Page Numbers.

Example:

7. Hansen, B. New York City epidemics and history for the public. In: Harden VA, Risse GB, editors. Aids and the historian. Bethesda: National Institute of Health; 1991. p 21-8.

Scholarly and Professional Journals

Note: When there are between two and ten authors, list all authors in the entry. When there are more than ten, list only the first ten.

1. General Format for Journal Articles

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Article title. Journal title. [abbreviated according to the National Information Standards Organization] Year Month and Day of Publication; Volume Number (Issue Number): Inclusive Page Numbers.

Example:

8. Wilton P. The Toronto Free Hospital for Consumptive Poor. Can Med Assoc J. 1992. May 15; 146 (10): 1812-14.

2. Journal Article Specified by Type (i.e., Editorial)

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Article Title [type of article]. Title of Journal. Year; Volume (Issue): Inclusive Page Numbers.

Example:

9. Besho, F., Kobayashi, N. A historical sketch of pediatric hematology and oncology in Japan [editorial]. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1993; 10(2): v-viii.

3. Journal Article Paginated by Issue

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Article Title. Title of Journal. Year of Publication; Volume (Issue): Inclusive Page Numbers.

Example:

10. Besho, F., Kobayashi, N. A historical sketch of pediatric hematology and oncology in Japan. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1993; 10(2): v-viii.

4. Article Published on Non-Contiguous Journal Pages

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initials of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of article. Title of Journal Year of Publication; Volume Number: First Set of Inclusive Pages, Second Set, etc.

Example:

11. Weisse, A.B. A plague in Philadelphia. The story of Legionnaires' disease. Hosp Pract. (Off Ed). 1992; 27(6): 151-4, 157, 161-8.

5. Article Published in a Journal Supplement

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of article. Title of journal Year of Publication; Volume (Issue Number and Supplement): Inclusive Page Numbers.

Example:

12. Feindel, W. Development of surgical therapy of epilepsy at the Montreal Neurological Institute. Can J Neurol Sci. 1991; 18(4 Suppl): 549-53.

6. Article Published in a Volume Supplement

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of article. Title of Journal Year of Publication; Volume and Supplement Number: Inclusive Page Numbers.

Example:

13. Rahe, R.H. Psychosocial stressors and adjustment disorder: Van Gogh's life chart illustrates stress and disease. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990; 51 Suppl: 13-9.

Newspaper and Magazine Articles

1. Signed Newspaper Articles

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of article. Title of Newspaper Year Month Day of Publication; Section Information: Page Number (and Column Designation, if available).

Example:

14. Condon, G. Don't take those pills on an empty spirit. Dallas Morning News. 1996. Aug 4; Sect 5: 7.

2. Unsigned Newspaper Articles

Format:
Entry Number. [Anonymous]. Title of article. Title of Newspaper Year Month Day of Publication; Section Designation: Page Number (and Column Designation, if available).

Example:

15. [Anonymous]. Dr. Paul O. Hagemann physician and professor. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1998. Jul 3; Sect B: 5.

3. Magazine Articles

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of article. Title of magazine Year and Month of Publication: Inclusive Page Numbers.

Example:

16. Darson, D., Milano, M.G., Barry C. Religion: the forgotten factor in health care. The World & I. 1996. Feb: 292.

Conference Proceedings, Papers and Abstracts

Formats for conference proceedings vary according to whether their titles are the same as the conference or not; formats for papers and abstracts presented at a conference vary according to whether they are published in the proceedings with an individual title or with the same title as the conference.

1. Proceeding Titles that Share Conference Titles

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, [followed by last names and initials of other editors, if any], editor(s). Description of proceedings and Title of Conference; Year Month Days of Conference; Location of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication. Number of Pages.

Example:

17. Powers, J.D., Powers, T.E., editors. Proceedings of the 10th annual food animal medicine conference: the use of drugs in food animal medicine; 1984 Sep 25-26; Columbus, Ohio. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press; 1984. 310 p.

2. Proceeding Titles that Do Not Share Conference Titles

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, [followed by last names and initials of other editors, if any], editor(s). Title of proceedings. Title of Conference; Year Month Days of Conference; Place of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication. Number of Pages.

Example:

18. Irvin, A.D., Cunningham, M.P., Young, A.S., editors. Advances in the control of Theileriosis. International Conference held at the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases; 1981 Feb 9-13; Nairobi. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; 1981. 427 p.

3. Papers that Share Conference Proceeding Titles

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of paper. In: Description of proceedings and Title of Conference; Year Month and Days of Conference; Location of Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication. Page Numbers.

Example:

19. Gingerich, D.A., Pharmacokinetics of drugs used for therapy of the mammary gland. In: Kalter, R.J., Proceedings of the 10th Annual Food Animal Medicine Conference; 1984 Sep 25-26; Columbus, OH. Columbus: The Ohio State University; 1984. p 117-35.

4. Papers that Do Not Share Conference Proceeding Titles

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of paper. In: Last Name and Initial(s) of Editor, [followed by last names and initials of other editors, if any], editor(s). Title of proceedings. Title of Conference; Year Month and Days of Conference; Conference Location. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication. Page Numbers. (Series Information, if applicable.)

Example:

20. Walker, A.R., McKellar, S.B. Preliminary observations on the density of sporozoites of Theileria Annulata. In: Irvin, A.D., Cunningham, M.P., Young, A.S., editors. Advances in the control of Theileriosis. Proceedings of an International Conference held at the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases; 1981 Feb 9-13; Nairobi. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; 1981. p 125-26.

5. Abstracts

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initials of Author [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of abstract [abstract]. In: Title of proceedings/conference; Year Month and Days of Conference; Location of Conference. Place of Publications: Publisher; Year of Publication. Page Numbers. Abstract Number [if available].

Example:

21. Willoughby, E. A neglected treatise on headache [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the International Conference of the Auckland Medical Historical Society; 1994 Aug; Auckland, New Zealand. Auckland: Pyramid Press; 1995. p 419.

Scientific and Technical Reports

Formats for scientific and technical reports vary according to the organization responsible for the report.

1. U.S. Government Report Authored by a Government Agency or Dept.

Format:
Entry Number. Name of Agency or Department (US) [Abbreviation of Agency or Department]. Title and description of report. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year and Month of Publication. Number of Pages or Volumes. Availability Statement.

Example:

22. Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety and Health (US) [DOE]. Office of Occupational Medicine. Annual report. Washington, DC: DOE; 1993 Aug. 14 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; DE-93018387.

2. U.S. Government Report Authored by an Outside Organization

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any] (Name of Responsible Organization). Title and description of report. Place of Publication: Publisher or Sponsoring Organization; Year Month and Day of Publication. Report Number. Contract Number. Number of Pages. Availability Information.

Example:

23. Lenz, T.G., Vaughan, J.D., Cooper, L.N. (Colorado State University). Study of improved methods for predicting chemical equilibria. Final Report 1 Jan 90-31 Mar 93. Washington: Department of Energy; 1993 Sep. Report nr DOE/ER/13582-T3. Contract nr FG02-86ER13582. 33 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfied, VA; DE-94001647.

3. Non U.S. Government Report

Format:
Entry Number. Name of Responsible Organization [abbreviation of performing organization]. Title and description of report. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year and Month of Publication. Report Number. Number of Pages.

Example:

24. Gas Research Inst. [GRI], Institute of Gas Technology. Computerized operations management. Final report Feb 1992. Chicago (IL): Transport and Storage Research Dept; 1992 Feb. Report nr PB94-12203, PB94-122041. 1009 p. in 2 v.

Dissertations, Theses and Patents

1. Dissertation or Thesis

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author. Title of dissertation or thesis [dissertation or thesis]. Place of Degree-Granting Institution: Degree-Granting Institution; Date of Degree. Number of pages. Availability Information. Identifying Information.

Example:

25. Mangie, E.D. A comparative study of the perceptions of illness in New Kingdom Egypt and Mesopotamia of the early first millennium [dissertation]. Akron (OH): University of Akron; 1991. 160 p. Available from: University Microfilms, Ann Arbor MI; AAG9203425.

2. Patent

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Inventor, [followed by last names and initials of other inventors, if any], inventor(s). Assignee. Title of Patented device or process. Patent descriptor. Year Month Day the Patent Was Issued.

Example:

26. Umezawa, H., Suzuki, S., Ohkuma, T., inventors; Zaidan Hojin Biseibutsu Kagaka, assignee. Medical composition for injection containing a spergualin as active ingredient and process for preparing the same notag [stabilizers of dextrans, cyclodextrins, and chodroitin sulfate; anticarcinogenic agents, immunomodulators]. US patent 4,876,244. 1989 Oct 24.

Legal Materials

Note: The NLM (National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation) does not offer its own guidelines for documenting legal references. The CSE instead defers to A Uniform System of Citation (HLRA 1992) and offers the formats below, based on their recommendations.

1. Court Cases

Format:
Entry Number. Title of Case, Volume Source Page Numbers (Court and Date).

Example:

27. Meyer v. State of Nebraska., 262 U.S. 390 (S.Ct. 625 1923).

2. Statutes

Format:
Entry Number. Title of Statute, Volume Number Source Section Number § (Year of Publication)

Example:

28. Farm Credit Act. 42 U.S.C.A. § 410 (1959)

3. U.S. Senate Bills, Unenacted

Note: This example was taken from CSE's Scientific Style and Format (p 663).

Format:
Entry Number. Senate Bill Number, Number of Congress, Number of Session Section Number § (Year).

Example:

29. S. 2830, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. § 8 (1980).

4. State Joint Resolutions, Enacted

Note: This example was taken from CSE's Scientific Style and Format (p 663).

Format:
Entry Number. Resolution Number, Legislature Number, Session Number, Year Collection of Laws

Example:

30. H.R.J. Res 1, 40th Leg., 2d Spec. Sess., 1974 Utah Laws 7

5. U.S. Senate Hearings

Format:
Entry Number. Title of Hearing, Number of Congress, Session Number. (Year)

Example:

31. U.S. Policy in the Persian Gulf: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, 101st Cong., 2nd Sess. (1990)

Audio and Video Materials

1. Audiocassettes

Format:
Entry Number. Title of audiocassette [audiocassette]. Names of Author(s), Editor(s), etc. Name of Producer (if corporate and different from publisher). Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication. Number of audiocassettes and physical description. (Series Statement if Available). Accompanying material. Availability Information (if available).

Example:

32. Fibromyalgia update: What therapies really work? [audiocassette]. Davidson P, moderator; Dreher T and others, panelists. Greenbrae (CA): HealthRoad Productions; 1998. 1 audiocassette, 100 min.

2. Videocassettes

Note: This example was taken from CSE's Scientific Style and Format (p 664).

Format:
Entry Number. Title of videocassette [videocassette]. Names of Author(s), Editor(s), etc. Name of Producer (if corporate and different from publisher). Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication. Number of videocassettes and physical description. (Series Statement if Available). Accompanying material. Availability Information (if available).

Example:

32. New horizons in esthetic dentistry [videocassette]. Wood, R.M., editor. Visualeyes Productions, producer. [Chicago]: Chicago Dental Society; 1989. 2 videocassettes: 170 min, sound, color with black and white, 1/2 in. (Clinical topics in dentistry; Nr 46). Accompanied by: 1 guide. Available from: Great Plains National Instructional Television Library, Lincoln, NE.

Electronic and Internet Sources

Note: CSE lists formats for only a few different types of electronic and Internet sources. For a greater variety (including bulletin boards, online databases, and electronic mail), see the National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation (NLM 1991).

1. Electronic Journal Articles

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors]. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Title [medium] Year of Publication; Volume (Issue): Inclusive Page Numbers [if available]. Availability Information. Date of Access.

Example:

33. Loker, W.M. "Campesinos" and the crisis of modernization in Latin America. Jour of Pol Ecol [serial online] 1996; 3(1). Available: http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/jpe/volume_3/ascii-lokeriso.txt via the INTERNET. Accessed 1996 Aug 11.

2. Electronic Books (Monographs)

Format:
Entry Number. [Abbreviated Name of Corporate Author, if appropriate] Name of Corporate Author. TITLE OF MONOGRAPH [monograph online]. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication [Update Information, if applicable]. Availability Information. Date of Access.

Example:

34. University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Services. RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE PERIMENOPAUSAL PATIENT IN CLINICAL PRACTICE [monograph online]. University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Services; 1998 May. Available from: Femhealth, http://peri-menopause.com. Accessed 1999 May 20.

3. Computer Program with an Author

This example was taken from CSE's Scientific Style and Format (p 669).

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. NAME OF PROGRAM [medium]. Version. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication. Physical Description. System Requirements.

Example:

36. Rosenberg, V., Ghalambor, C., Rycus, P., Thomas, R. PRO-CITE [computer program]. Version 1.4. Ann Arbor (MI): Personal Bibliographic Software; 1988. 3 computer disks: color, 5 1/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual. System requirements: IBM PC, XT, AT, PS/2 or any 100% compatible computer; 320K RAM; DOS 2.0 or higher.

4. Computer Program without an Author

Note: This example was taken from CSE's Scientific Style and Format (p 668).

Format:
Entry Number. NAME OF PROGRAM [medium]. Version. Place of Publication: Publisher; Year of Publication. Physical Description. Accompanying material. System requirements.

Example:

35. GRATEFUL MED [computer program]. Version 5.0. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine; 1990. 5 computer disks: 5 1/4 in.; or 2 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 user's guide; troubleshooting guide. System requirements: IBM PC family or fully compatible computer; DOS 2.0 or higher; Hayes Smartmodem or fully compatible modem; 384K RAM required, 512K RAM recommended; 1 or more floppy drives; hard disk with a minimum of 2 MB of free space recommended.

5. Databases

Note: This example was taken from the National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation Supplement: Internet Formats. (p 49).

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of Database. Version. Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of Publication [Date of Update/Revision; Date of Citation].

Example:

36. Prevention News Update Database [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(US), National Prevention Information Network. 1988 Jun - [cited 2001 Apr 12]. Available from: http://www.cdcnpin.org/db/public/dnmain.htm

6. Web Sites

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author; Title of Webpage [Internet]. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication [Date of Update/Revision; Date of Citation]. Available from: (Insert URL)

Example:

38. British Medical Journal [Internet]. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ; 2004 July 10; Available from: http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/

7. Email Communications

Format:
Entry Number. Author of Message. Title of Message. Message to: Message Recipient. Date of Publication [Date of Citation].

Example:

39. Harris, J.P. RE: determining rH factor [Internet]. Message to: Adam Zacharias. 1998 Feb 23, 12:08 pm [cited 1998 Feb 28].

8. Discussion Lists

Format:
Entry Number. Author of Message. Title of Message. In: Title of List. [Place of Publication: Publisher]; Date of Publication; Date of [Citation date]. Numeration of Message. Available from: Insert URL

Example:

40. Kennedy, J. AMA Physician Characteristics. In: Medlib. [NY: Univ of Buffalo]; 2001 December week 3, [Cited 2004 July 10]. 1. Available from: http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A1=ind0112c&L=medlib-l

Unpublished Work

1. Letters

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Letter Author(s). [Description and Date of Letter]. Located at: Repository and Location of Repository.

Example:

41. Bacon, F. [Letters to various Tudor notables, ca. 1630]. Located at: The James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection, Yale University Beineke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New Haven, Connecticut.

2. Manuscripts

Format:
Entry Number. Title of Document. [Description and Date of Document]. Located at: Repository and Location of Repository.

Example:

42. Box account book. [Accounts of wholesale druggist Henry Box, 1629-42]. Located at: The James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection, Yale University Beineke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New Haven, Connecticut.

3. Forthcoming Documents

Format:
Entry Number. Last Name and Initial(s) of Author, [followed by last names and initials of other authors, if any]. Title of Forthcoming Document. Abbreviated Title of Journal and Year of Forthcoming Publication (if known). Forthcoming.

Example:

43. Pohl, P.S., Winstein, C. Practice effects on the less-affected upper extremity after stroke. J Am Cong Rehab Med. Forthcoming.

Additional CSE Resources

Printed Resources:

Council of Science Editors. Scientific style and format: The CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers. 6th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press; 1994. 825 p.

National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation/Pb 91182030. United States Government Printing Office; 1991.

Electronic Resources:

The official Council of Science Editors web site, updated regularly, is the comprehensive guide to all things CSE: the organization, its journals, products and services.

The University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center, CSE Documentation

Columbia Guide to Online Style is the best alternative. Though not officially recognized by The Chicago Manual of Style, this site has long provided guidelines for those seeking to document specific electronic sources using the CMS style sheet.

The beauty of CGOS comes from the sophisticated Internet understanding brought to the table by its authors, Janice Walker and Todd Taylor. If you adopt CGOS, use the CSE style for all print and traditional sources, and apply CGOS guidelines for any online or electronic sources, including software and CD-ROM databases.