APA - American Psychological Association
Citing Sources within Your Document
Internet Sources
Select an example to view from the following menu:
Format:
Last Name, Initials of Author, followed by last names and initials of other authors if any. (Date of Publication or of Latest Update). Title of Abstract [Abstract]. Title of Abstract Collection, Volume Number (Issue Number), Page Numbers (if given). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from the World Wide Web: URL
Example:
Oliverio, A. (1997). The state of injustice: The politics of terrorism and the production of order [Abstract]. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 38, 1-2. Retrieved March 25, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.yorku.ca/faculty/academic/ishwaran/ ijcsabst.htm#The State.
APA lists different formats for subscriber-based journals and general access journals. The following is an entry for a general access journal article
Format:
Last Name, Initials of Author, followed by last names and initials of other authors if any. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume (Issue), Page numbers (if given). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from : URL
Example:
Loker, W. M. (1996). "Campesinos" and the crisis of modernization in Latin America. Journal of Political Ecology, 3.1, 69-88. Retrieved March 23, 2000, from: http://www.library.arizona.edu/ej/ jpe/volume_3/ascii-lokeriso.txt
Format:
Last Name, Initials of Author, followed by last names and initials of other authors if any. (Year of Publication or of Latest Update). Title of article. Title of Magazine, Volume Number, Page Numbers (if given). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from the World Wide Web: URL
Example:
Kongshem, L. (1997, January). Censorware: How well does Internet filtering software protect students? Electronic School. Retrieved March 20, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.electronic-school.com/0198f1.html
Note: When you access an online newspaper, read its user's guide to find out how long articles remain accessible online. If the time is fixed, then only give the URL to the paper's homepage. From the homepage, interested readers can find the link to the paper's electronic archives and find out if the article can be viewed or purchased.
Format:
Last Name, Initials of Author, followed by last names and initials of other authors if any. (Year, Month Day of Publication). Title of article. Newspaper Title, pages or indicator of length if available. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from the World Wide Web: URL
Example:
Pentz, M. (2000, March 21). Theaters receive guarantee. Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved March 23, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.abqjournal.com/
Format:
Last Name, Initials of Author, followed by last names and initials of other authors if any. (Year, Month and Day). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume Number (Issue Number), Page numbers if given. Retrieved Month Day, Year from URL, from Title of database.
Example:
Schraw, G., & Graham, T. (1997). Helping gifted students develop metacognitive awareness. Roeper Review, 20, 4-8. Retrieved June 11, 2004, from http://web19.epnet.com, from the Expanded Academic ASAP database.
Format:
Last Name, Initials of Author, followed by last names and initials of other authors if any. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Publisher or Organization that placed work online. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from the World Wide Web: URL
Example:
Darwin, Charles. (1859). The origin of species. An Online Library of Literature. Retrieved March 20, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.literature.org/Works/Charles-Darwin/origin/
Note: When parts of works come from searchable online reference works, as in the example below, give the URL that will lead your reader to the main search page. They can then type in your search term or article title.
Format:
Last Name, Initials of Author, followed by last names and initials of other authors if any. For unsigned reference entries give title of the entry before year. (Year of Publication). Title of entry if there's a signed author for it. In Source (edition). Producer-- optional. (Reprint or other original source information if any is available). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from the World Wide Web: URL
Example:
Hypertext. (No date). In Tech Encyclopedia. CMP's TechWeb. (Article reprinted from Computer Desktop Encyclopedia). Retrieved March 20, 2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/
Note: Internet sources should provide a title for the Web Page, a date (either of publication, update or retrieval), and its URL address. Page authors should be identified if possible. If the URL is incorrect or incomplete, the reference list will not be considered accurate. This is the most crucial element of the citation.
Format:
Last Name, Initials of Author, followed by last names and initials of other authors if any. (Date of Publication or Latest Update, if there is no date use "n.d."). Title of article if any. Retrieved Month and Day, Year, from URL.
Example:
Karper, E. (2002). Using American Psychological Association Format, Updated to 5th Edition. Retrieved September 12, 2002, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.html