Although there are some codes of ethical conduct that are enforced by government agencies through sanctions against perpetrators of unethical conduct (see Buzzelli, 1993), most professional academic institutions are self-monitoring. Professional and student researchers can access codes of ethics that are compiled by professional organizations within their areas of study, such as "Ethics and Standards in Institutional Research," edited by Michael E. Schiltz (1992). Researchers can also access ethics codes online. Some sites to begin a search include The Center for Academic Integrity at www.nwu.edu/uacc/cai and Santa Clara University's Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at www.scu.edu/Ethics.
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